The Jew Who Defeated Hitler Page 38

71. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 473.

  72. Drew Pearson, “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Washington Post, July 30, 1945, found in Morgenthau Papers, box 805.

  EPILOGUE

  1. John Keegan, The Second World War (London: Penguin Book, 1990), p. 6.

  2. Henry Morgenthau III, Mostly Morgenthaus : A Family History (New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1991), pp. 410–14.

  3. David M. Kennedy, ed., The Library of Congress World War II Companion (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007), p. 202.

  4. Henry Morgenthau Jr., Germany Is Our Problem (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1945), p. 17.

  5. W. K. Hancock and M. M. Gowing, British War Economy (London: HMSO, 1949), p. 375.

  6. Mark Harrison, ed., The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 51.

  7. Stephen Daggett, Costs of Major U.S. Wars (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2010).

  8. Harrison, Economics of World War II, p. 86.

  9. “Mr. Morgenthau’s Resignation,” New York Times, July 6, 1945, p. 10.

  10. Christopher Chantrill, “Government Spending in the US,” http://www.usgovernmentspending.com (accessed August 16, 2014).

  Ahamed, Liaquat. Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World. New York: Penguin, 2009.

  Barnett, Correlli. The Lost Victory: British Dreams, British Realities, 1945–1950. London: MacMillan, 1995.

  Beschloss, Michael. The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler’s Germany, 1941–1945. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003.

  Bishop, Jim. FDR’s Last Year, April 1944–April 1945. New York: William Morrow, 1974.

  Black, Conrad. Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom. New York: Public Affairs, 2003.

  Blum, John Morton. From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Crisis, 1928–1938. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959.

  ———. From the Morgenthau Diaries, Years of Urgency, 1938–1941. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965.

  ———. From the Morgenthau Diaries, Years of War, 1941–1945. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967.

  Brands, H. W. Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. New York: Doubleday, 2008.

  Cohen, Adam. Nothing to Fear: FDR’s Inner Circle and the Hundred Days That Created Modern America. New York: Penguin, 2009.

  Craig, R. Bruce. Treasonable Doubt: The Harry Dexter White Spy Case. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2004.

  Dwork, Debórah, and Robert Jan Van Pelt. Flight from the Reich: Refugee Jews, 1933–1946. New York: W. W. Norton, 2009.

  Einzig, Paul. Can We Win the Peace? London: MacMillan, 1942.

  Feingold, Henry L. The Politics of Rescue: The Roosevelt Administration and the Holocaust. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1970.

  Feis, Herbert. 1933: Characters in Crisis. New York: Little, Brown, 1966.

  Gilbert, Martin. Second World War. London: Stoddard, 1989.

  Gilman, Sander L., and Steven T. Katz, eds. Antisemitism in Times of Crisis in the United States. New York: New York University Press, 1991.

  Hall, H. Duncan. North American Supply. London: HMSO, 1955.

  Hancock, W. K., and M. M. Gowing. British War Economy. London: HMSO, 1949.

  Harrison, Mark, ed. The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

  Hastings, Max. Winston’s War: Churchill, 1940–1945. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010.

  Herf, Jeffrey. The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda during World War II and the Holocaust. New York: Belknap, 2006.

  Hull, Cordell. The Memoirs of Cordell Hull. New York: MacMillan, 1948.

  Ickes, Harold L. The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes: The First Thousand Days 1933–1936. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1953.

  Kearns Goodwin, Doris. No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994.

  Kennedy, David M., ed. The Library of Congress World War II Companion. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007.

  Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. New York: Random House, 1987.

  Langer, William L., and S. Everett Gleason. The Undeclared War, 1940–1941. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1953.

  Levy, Herbert. Henry Morgenthau Jr.: The Remarkable Life of FDR’s Secretary of the Treasury. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2010.

  MacIver, R. M. Towards an Abiding Peace. New York: MacMillan, 1943.

  Minshall, Col. T. H. What to Do with Germany. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1941.

  Morgenthau, Henry, Jr. Germany Is Our Problem. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1945.

  Morgenthau, Henry, III. Mostly Morgenthau: A Family History. New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1991.

  Mukerjee, Madhusree. Churchill’s Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India during World War II. London: Basic Books, 2010.

  Nelson, Donald M. Arsenal of Democracy: The Story of American War Production. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1946.

  Ohl, John Kennedy. Hugh S. Johnson and the New Deal. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1985.

  Plokhy, S. M. Yalta: The Price of Peace. New York: Viking, 2010.

  Rees, David. Harry Dexter White: A Study in Paradox. London: MacMillan, 1973.

  Rosen, Robert N. Saving the Jews: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Holocaust. New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2006.

  Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. Journals 1952–2000. New York: Penguin, 2007.

  Shirer, William. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960.

  Shirlaw, G. B., and L. E. Jones. You and the Peace. London: MacMillan, 1944.

  Shlaes, Amity. The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression. New York: HarperCollins, 2007.

  Skidelsky, Robert. John Maynard Keynes, 1883–1946: Economist, Philosopher, Statesman. London: Penguin, 2005.

  Smith, Jean Edward. FDR. New York: Random House, 2007.

  Stafford, David. Roosevelt and Churchill: Men of Secrets. London: Overlook, 2000.

  Steil, Benn. The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of the New World Order. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013.

  Visson, Andre. The Coming Struggle for Peace. New York: Viking, 1944.

  Wyman, David S. The Abandonment of the Jews. New York: New Press, 1998.

  Acheson, Dean, 31, 101, 143, 147, 149, 172, 180, 183, 227, 232, 236–37, 240, 242

  Alsop, Joseph, 18, 44, 69, 128, 158

  American Agriculturalist (magazine), 26–27

  American Jewish Congress, 92

  Anderson, Benjamin, 227

  Anderson, John, 247, 270

  Angriff, Der (Nazi publication), 12

  Antibes, France, 11

  Argentina, 182, 210–11

  Arnold, Henry “Hap,” 41, 59, 62–63, 112–13

  Associated Press, 60, 113, 122, 202, 212

  Badoglio, Pietro, 212

  Bailie, Earle, 31, 72, 85

  Baltimore Sun, 47

  Barkley, Alben, 154, 224

  Baruch, Bernard, 12, 36, 270, 285

  Basel, Switzerland, 11

  Bell, Daniel, 39–40, 56–57, 65, 67, 77, 98, 106, 110, 172–73, 177, 184, 189, 199–200, 215, 224, 234, 251, 259, 270, 273, 287

  Bentley, Elizabeth, 290

  Berlin, Germany, 12, 47, 265, 274

  Berlin, Irving, 157, 179, 226

  Bern, Switzerland, 203, 205

  Bernstein, Bernard, 246

  Bernstein, Edward, 65

  Bloom, Sol, 12

  Blum, John Morton, 14, 252, 273, 279, 290

  Blum, Leon, 64

  Boeing, 54

  Boettiger, Anna (née Roosevelt), 266, 275–76, 278

  Boettiger, John, 31, 259, 273, 275–76

  Bonnet, Georges, 10, 46

  Boston, Massachusetts, 39,
144

  Bowman, Isaiah, 49

  Bradley, Omar, 246–47

  Brand, Robert, 260

  Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, 228, 232, 234, 236–38, 241, 243, 254, 279, 280, 288

  Bretton Woods Conference (1944), 174, 242, 254, 260, 279, 280, 288

  Britain. See Great Britain

  Brown, Ned, 236, 240

  Brown, Prentiss M., 179

  Bulgaria, 231, 253

  Bullitt, William, 10, 41, 44–46, 56, 59, 64, 88, 116, 121

  Burma Road, 71–72, 106

  Byrnes, James, 191, 198–99, 224, 237, 269, 284

  and Morgenthau, 199–200, 205–208, 212–13, 228, 285, 286–88

  California, 59–62, 80, 113, 227

  Canada, 41, 52, 55, 91, 105, 115, 150, 160, 161, 187, 269

  Casablanca Conference, 201

  Central Realty Bond and Trust, 25

  Chamberlain, Neville, 35, 66, 72, 116–17, 134

  Chambers, Whittaker, 290

  Chemidlin, Paul, 60

  Chen, K. P., 50, 56, 71–72

  Cherwell, Viscount (Frederick Lindemann), 262–63, 270

  Chiang Kai-shek, 34, 46, 50, 71, 106, 181, 210, 232, 270–71, 281, 291

  Chiang Mei-ling (Madame Chiang Kai-shek), 210, 226

  Chicago, Illinois, 21, 64, 105, 129, 227, 236

  Chicago Tribune, 31, 68, 78, 152, 178, 179

  China, 19, 20, 23, 34–35, 46, 50–51, 61, 64, 71, 114, 134, 137, 160, 169, 181, 201, 210, 226, 232, 240, 270–71, 281, 282, 283–84, 291

  Christian Science Monitor, 42, 44

  Chungking, China, 46, 72, 106, 232, 270–71, 283, 284

  Churchill, Clementine, 247

  Churchill, Winston, 13, 117, 119, 147, 163, 168, 174, 191, 201, 229, 251, 269, 274, 286, 290, 292

  and Morgenthau, 191, 247–48, 257, 261–63

  at the second Quebec Conference, 261–63, 265, 267, 285

  seeking aid from the United States, 132, 140, 142, 161, 162, 232, 248, 284

  Clark, Bennett Champ, 62

  Clark, Mark, 211

  Cochran, Merle, 172

  Cohen, Ben, 23, 74, 75

  Collier's (magazine), 14

  Collins, Harry, 59, 62–63, 86, 104, 115

  Columbia University, 25, 32

  Compton, Lewis, 120

  Congress (US), 47, 51, 57, 59, 64, 91, 96, 101, 110, 112–14, 131, 132, 141, 164, 227

  budget negotiations, 32, 57, 62, 66, 75–76, 81, 83, 94, 97, 99, 107, 118, 120, 122–26, 154, 156, 160–61, 175, 186–87, 200, 213–14, 215, 223–24, 269

  isolationists in, 21, 86–88, 91, 122, 147–52, 280

  and lend-lease, 147–52, 165, 248

  and Morgenthau, 16, 81, 86, 97, 113, 122–26, 144–45, 147–52, 156, 175, 186, 209, 213–14, 215, 223–24, 227, 231, 236, 242, 269, 280, 293

  and Roosevelt, 21, 59, 86–88, 94, 99, 107, 113–14, 118, 120, 122–26, 133, 147–52, 159, 160–61, 171, 190, 200, 211, 223–24, 231

  Cook, Nancy, 43

  Corcoran, Thomas, 23–24, 74, 75

  Cornell University, 26

  Coughlin, Charles, 47, 64

  Craig, Malin, 41

  Crane, Jay, 210

  Crawford, Janet, 9

  Currie, Lauchlin, 94, 110–12, 210

  Curtiss-Wright (aircraft manufacturer), 53, 60, 62, 90, 107, 113, 127

  Czechoslovakia, 12, 20, 49–51, 72, 114, 130

  Daily Mail, 10

  Daladier, Édouard, 35, 45, 52

  Darlan, François, 193, 294

  D-Day (Invasion of Normandy), 234–35

  Dickerson, Marion, 43

  Dietrich, Marlene, 9

  Doughton, 78–79, 81, 124–26, 185, 207, 213

  Douglas, Lewis, 47, 57

  Douglas Aircraft Company, 53, 58–60, 62, 90

  DuBois, Josiah, 184, 198, 204, 217, 219, 221, 267, 271, 273

  Dutchess County, New York, 19, 42, 197, 208, 213, 254, 259

  Early, Steve, 108, 112

  Eccles, Marriner, 72, 74, 75, 87, 94–95, 97, 110–11, 155, 159, 179, 182, 190, 281

  Eden, Anthony, 247–48, 262–63

  Edison, Charles, 63, 113, 116, 120, 126–27

  Einstein, Albert, 12, 43, 157

  Eisenhower, Dwight, 192, 214, 246, 260, 267, 290

  Elizabeth II (queen), 30, 75, 82, 226

  excess-profits tax, 32–33, 81, 98, 100, 124–26, 159–60, 291

  Export-Import Bank, 34, 50–51, 106, 145

  Ethiopia, 20

  Farm Credit Administration, 18, 26, 30, 32

  Federal Reserve, 72, 75, 86, 87, 90–91, 94–95, 110, 155, 182, 185, 202, 243, 281

  Feis, Herbert, 23, 72–73, 150, 182, 204, 216

  Financial Times, 10, 242

  Finland, 83, 91, 106, 114, 164

  Fish, Hamilton, 21, 151

  Fishkill Farm (estate owned by Morgenthau), 26, 28, 36, 44, 255, 256

  Florida, 56, 277, 288

  Foley, Edward, 54, 58, 65–66, 148, 149, 152, 153, 173, 184

  Ford, Henry, 37, 47

  Fortune, 31, 139

  France, 9–11, 20, 33, 35, 37–38, 64, 70, 77, 84, 87–89, 93, 99, 108, 109, 113, 115, 233, 240, 257, 274

  airplane purchases, 41, 44–46, 48, 51–56, 58–64, 66, 127

  fall of, 121–24, 130, 131

  liberation of, 183, 192, 201, 234–35, 237

  Jews in, 204, 205, 211, 230–31, 271

  Morgenthau visits in 1944, 245–47

  Franco, Francisco, 20, 46, 52, 62, 168

  Frankfurter, Felix, 12, 149

  Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, 9

  Gaer, Joseph, 14

  Gallatin, Albert, 39

  Gamble, Theodore, 225–26

  Gaston, Herbert, 31, 76, 85, 172, 191, 214, 221, 224, 257, 287

  General Motors (GM), 53, 125, 156, 180

  George VI (king), 30, 75, 82, 117, 191

  Germany, 11–13, 15, 17, 19, 23, 24, 37–38, 67, 77, 84, 87–89, 110, 114–15, 130, 167, 182, 192, 211, 232–33, 254, 278, 287

  and Jews, 47, 92–93, 192, 272

  plans for postwar Germany, 245–48, 249–53, 255–60, 262–63, 265–67, 272, 274–77, 281, 283, 285, 291

  relations with the United States, 11–13, 48–49, 51, 70–71, 161–62

  under Nazi rule, 11–13, 20, 46, 72

  Goebbels, Josef, 12, 46, 282

  and Morgenthau, 12, 265–66

  Göring, Hermann, 37, 249

  Gridiron Dinner, 32, 74

  Great Britain, 9, 20, 33, 35, 37–38, 41, 49, 64, 67–68, 72, 75, 77, 134, 236–37, 241, 274

  airplane purchases, 52–53, 108, 127, 131–33, 140–41, 143, 166

  and Jewish refugees, 48–49, 195–97, 217–19

  and Morgenthau, 16, 87, 89, 127–29, 131–33, 140–43, 150–51, 163, 169, 174, 180, 232, 248, 261–64, 288–89, 292

  Morgenthau visits, 191–92, 245–49

  and postwar Germany, 256, 261–64

  US aid to, 87–89, 108, 127–29, 131–33, 140–45, 147–50, 161–63, 165, 232, 261–64, 269, 281–82, 284–85

  war with Germany, 84, 115, 130, 132, 135, 163, 168

  Grew, Joseph, 276, 285

  Groton School, 28

  Halifax, Lord (Edward Wood), 162, 168

  Hamilton, Alexander, 31, 65

  Hanes, John W., Jr., 39–40, 56, 58, 61, 67–70, 74–79, 81, 82–84, 87, 95, 97–98, 100–101, 106, 158, 291

  Harrison, George, 87

  Harrison, Leland, 203–205, 216–18

  Harrison, Pat, 76, 123–24, 126

  Harvard University, 19, 28, 73, 172

  Hatry, Clarence, 27

  Henderson, Leon, 72

  Himmler, Heinrich, 193

  Hitler, Adolf, 11–13, 22, 23, 35, 46, 51, 64, 71, 75, 83, 92, 96, 115, 122, 123–24, 135, 147, 163, 164, 186, 193, 202, 209, 221, 245, 252, 282, 289, 294

  Hochschild, Harold K., 28

  Holocaust. See Jews

  Hong Kong, 46, 71, 174

  Hoover, Herbert, 28, 69, 129<
br />
  Hoover, J. Edgar, 121

  Hopkins, Harry, 18, 32, 39, 40, 68, 79, 127, 141, 152, 153, 161, 162, 166–67, 183, 205, 255, 258–59, 266

  Hornbeck, Stanley, 23

  Hudson River, 26, 36

  Hull, Cordell, 43, 46, 91, 137, 141, 145, 150–52, 166, 169, 182–83, 209–10, 227, 255, 268

  and Jews, 92, 204, 216–20, 231, 271

  and Morgenthau, 21–22, 34–35, 50, 65, 70, 73, 110, 127, 147, 164–65, 210

  and postwar Germany, 245, 251, 253, 255, 259, 261, 266

  Hull, Rose, 21, 43

  Hungary, 93, 220, 231, 253

  Hyde Park, New York, 9, 36, 40, 82, 279

  Hyman, Harold, 274

  Ickes, Harold, 18, 21, 93, 103, 116, 134, 137, 161

  International Monetary Fund (IMF), 182, 236, 238, 240–42, 287

  Israel, 290–91

  Italy, 15, 20, 37–38, 67, 71, 77, 87, 123, 130, 140, 184, 192, 201, 211, 230–31, 248, 261

  Morgenthau visits, 214–15

  J. P. Morgan and Company, 55, 85, 108

  Japan, 15, 17, 19, 34, 37–38, 46, 50, 54, 71, 77, 109, 134–37, 167, 171–72, 188, 248, 274, 286, 288

  attack on Pearl Harbor, 169–73, 179, 282

  occupation of China, 20, 46, 50, 71, 106, 174, 181, 281, 282

  Japanese Americans, 173, 193, 294

  Jaretzki, Alfred, 28

  Jewish Refugee Committee, 93

  Jews, 83, 226, 265

  anti-Semitism in the United States, 13, 47–48, 64, 285, 287

  and Morgenthau, 11, 20, 22, 28, 42, 47–49, 70–71, 92–93, 95, 140, 158, 195–98, 203–204, 216–21, 229, 231–32, 242, 253, 255, 271–72, 289

  Nazi hatred of and persecution of, 11–13, 22, 46, 70, 192–93, 196–98, 203–204, 242, 265–66

  refugees, 11, 47–49, 92, 196–97, 203–204, 216–20, 230–32, 253, 271–72

  and Roosevelt, 12–13, 48, 92–93, 196–98, 219–20

  and the US government, 16, 21, 47, 70, 93, 198, 203–204, 216–21, 230–32

  Johns Hopkins University, 32, 49

  Johnson, Hugh S., 18

  Johnson, Louis, 53–54, 58–60, 63, 85, 103–105, 108, 110, 112–13, 115, 116, 118–20, 128, 129

  Johnson Act, 44, 52, 82, 87, 148

  Jones, Jesse, 106, 145, 165, 191

  Kennedy, John F., 9

  Kennedy, Joseph, 9, 72, 82, 89–90, 152

  Kennedy, Paul, 13

  Kennedy, Robert, 9

  Kent, Frank R., 29, 66, 76–77, 81, 94, 101, 127, 173, 189, 265

  Keynes, John Maynard, 94, 148, 252

  and the Bretton Woods Conference, 191, 208–209, 227, 236, 240–41

  and Morgenthau, 162–63, 236, 284