The Jew Who Defeated Hitler Read online

  88. Turner Catledge, “British Loan Issue to Go to Congress,” New York Times, December 12, 1940, p. 6.

  89. Presidential Diaries, December 17, 1940.

  CHAPTER SEVEN. LEND-LEASE

  1. Presidential Diaries, December 17, 1940.

  2. “Issue for Congress,” New York Times, December 17, 1940, p. 8.

  3. Ibid.

  4. Frank L. Kluckhohn, “Roosevelt Would Lend Arms to Britain,” New York Times, December 18, 1940, pp. 1, 4.

  5. Ibid.

  6. Morgenthau Diaries, book 344, pp. 91, 149–55.

  7. John Morton Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Urgency, 1938–1941 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), pp. 212–17.

  8. Ibid., p. 220.

  9. Eleanor Roosevelt, letter to the Morgenthaus, January 13, 1938, Eleanor Roosevelt Papers, box 322.

  10. Kluckhohn, “Roosevelt Would Lend Arms to Britain,” p. 4.

  11. “Treasury’s Summary of Britain’s Financial Position,” New York Times, January 16, 1941, p. 10.

  12. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Urgency, p. 211.

  13. Figures from “Government Spending in the US,” www.usgovernmentspending.com (accessed August 16, 2014).

  14. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Urgency, pp. 219–20.

  15. “The Congress: Matter of Faith,” Time, January 27, 1941, p. 28.

  16. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Urgency, pp. 220–21.

  17. Ibid., p. 222.

  18. “The Congress: Matter of Faith,” p. 28.

  19. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Urgency, pp. 227–29.

  20. Presidential Diaries, February 10, 1941.

  21. Morgenthau Diaries, book 376, p. 169.

  22. Presidential Diaries, March 1, 1941.

  23. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Annual Budget Message,” January 3, 1941, from The American Presidency Project, John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16081&st=budget&st1=#ixzz1YsIaApNu (accessed August 16, 2014).

  24. “Fiscal: Up the Rollercoaster,” Time, January 21, 1941, p. 27.

  25. Ibid.

  26. Morgenthau Diaries, book 344, p. 28.

  27. Morgenthau Diaries, book 177, pp. 87–88.

  28. Presidential Diaries, January 22, 1941.

  29. Morgenthau Diaries, book 352, pp. 159 ff.

  30. “New Treasury Unit to Run Defense Issues, to Range from 25-Cent Stamps Upward,” New York Times, February 28, 1941, p. 7.

  31. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Urgency, pp. 300, 302–303.

  32. “U.S. Not to Be Bound by Money Parley, Morgenthau Says,” New York Times, June 20, 1944, p. 1.

  33. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Urgency, p. 301.

  34. Ibid., p. 303.

  35. Henry Morgenthau III, Mostly Morgenthaus: A Family History (New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1991), p. 307.

  36. Morgenthau Papers, box 277.

  37. Morgenthau Diaries, book 155, p. 75.

  38. Morgenthau Diaries, book 188, pp. 137–38.

  39. Morgenthau Diaries, book 189, p. 184.

  40. Morgenthau Papers, box 277.

  41. Elliott V. Bell, “Framing New Tax Bill Is Two-Fold Problem,” New York Times, April 27, 1941, p. E12.

  42. “Saving Being Stressed in Defense Financing,” New York Times, May 4, 1941, p. E10.

  43. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Urgency, pp. 304–305.

  44. “Time for a Tax Program,” New York Times, February 4, 1942, p. 18.

  45. Morgenthau Diaries, book 391, p. 3.

  46. Presidential Diaries, June 10, 1941.

  47. “Amherst Hears Challenge of Day,” New York Times, June 15, 1941, p. 39.

  48. Elliott V. Bell, “Treasurer to the Democracies,” New York Times Magazine, June 22, 1941, p. SM10.

  49. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Urgency, pp. 309–11.

  50. “U.S. Deficit for 1941 Fiscal Year $5,103,000,000, Third Highest,” Wall Street Journal, July 3, 1941, p. 7.

  51. Julian Huxley, “Food for Britain,” New Republic, February 17, 1941, pp. 200–201.

  52. Martin Gilbert, The Second World War (London: Stoddard, 1989), p. 167.

  53. Presidential Diaries, April 28, 1941.

  54. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Urgency, p. 254.

  55. Ibid., pp. 236–37.

  56. Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, 1883–1946: Economist, Philosopher, Statesman (London: Penguin, 2005), p. 631.

  57. Ibid., pp. 244–48.

  58. Presidential Diaries, June 14, 1941.

  59. “11 U.S. Ferry Pilots Die in Crash,” New York Times, August 16, 1941, p. 4.

  60. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Urgency, p. 260.

  61. Ibid., p. 261.

  62. Presidential Diaries, August 4, 1941.

  63. Ibid., October 28, 1941.

  64. “June Plane Output Reaches 1,476 Peak,” New York Times, July 10, 1941, p. 1.

  65. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Urgency, p. 265.

  66. “Air Aid to British Put at $284,000,000,” New York Times, October 8, 1941, p. 2.

  67. Frederick Graham, “Vast Plane Output Starts,” New York Times, October 19, 1941, p. E5.

  68. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Urgency, p. 275.

  69. Presidential Diaries, October 23, 1941.

  70. David Stafford, Roosevelt and Churchill: Men of Secrets (Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, 2000), pp. 79–100.

  71. Frederick R. Barkley, “Revised Budget Raises This Year’s Big Figures,” New York Times, October 11, 1941, p. E7.

  72. Presidential Diaries, undated (likely late November 1941).

  73. Ibid., December 3, 1941.

  74. Ibid., December 1, 1941.

  75. Associated Press, “Pacific Crisis May Delay Record U.S. Borrowing,” December 2, 1941, found in New York Times, p. 4.

  CHAPTER EIGHT. THE SINEWS OF WAR

  1. Henry Morgenthau III, Mostly Morgenthaus: A Family History (New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1991), p. 297.

  2. Conrad Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom (New York: Public Affairs, 2003), p. 686; John Morton Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, 1941–1945 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967), p. 1.

  3. Morgenthau, Mostly Morgenthaus, p. 298.

  4. “Japan’s Holdings Here Impounded,” New York Times, December 8, 1941, p. 7.

  5. “Morgenthau’s Big Job,” Wall Street Journal, December 9, 1941, p. 2.

  6. Morgenthau, Mostly Morgenthaus, pp. 298–99.

  7. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 89.

  8. Benn Steil, The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of the New World Order (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013), p. 225.

  9. Ibid., pp. 36–46.

  10. Frank R. Kent, The Great Game of Politics, Wall Street Journal, December 12, 1941, p. 4.

  11. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, pp. 228–30.

  12. Morgenthau Diaries, book 478, p. 5.

  13. Presidential Diaries, December 26, 1941.

  14. Henry N. Dorris, “4 to 6 Billion Rise Likely in Tax Bill,” New York Times, December 13, 1941, p. 11.

  15. Presidential Diaries, April 15, 1942.

  16. Ibid., December 30, 1941.

  17. “Morgenthau Warns Taxpayers to Be Ready,” New York Times, December 30, 1941, p. 21.

  18. Godfrey N. Nelson, “Nation Surpassing All Tax Records,” New York Times, January 2, 1942, p. 42.

  19. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Annual Budget Message,” January 5, 1942, from The American Presidency Project, John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, found at www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16231&st=&st1=#ixzz1pShbsC5B (accessed August 17, 2014).

  20. Ibid.

  21. Charles E. Egan, “Fantastic Arms Yield Held Sure,” New York Times, January 11, 1942, p. E5.

  22.
Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 35.

  23. Ibid., p. 15.

  24. Frederick R. Barkley, “War Tax Plans Spare No Wallets,” New York Times, March 8, 1942, p. E7.

  25. Henry N. Dorris, “Says Tax Exempts ‘Can't Stand More,’” New York Times, March 10, 1942, p. 14.

  26. “Where the Income Is,” New York Times, March 10, 1942, p. 18.

  27. “Morgenthau Urges New Speed-Up in Defense Bond Sale Campaign,” New York Times, December 10, 1941, p. 39.

  28. “Morgenthau Hails Defense Bond Sale,” New York Times, January 5, 1942, p. 10.

  29. “Shoppers Buying Defense Stamps,” New York Times, January 3, 1942, p. 16.

  30. “Rail Workers Asked to Invest,” New York Times, December 17, 1941, p. 27.

  31. “Buy Defense Bonds,” Chicago Tribune, December 21, 1941, p. 14.

  32. “Plane Tragedy Stuns Hollywood,” New York Times, January 18, 1942, p. 38.

  33. “Disney Sees Morgenthau on Film for War Bonds,” New York Times, January 6, 1942, p. 27.

  34. “Donald Duck Totally Recalled,” Chicago Tribune, February 9, 1942, p. 14.

  35. “Berlin Writes Song for Treasury,” New York Times, January 26, 1942, p. 17.

  36. “Scores Publicity for Bond Sellers,” New York Times, July 17, 1942, p. 11.

  37. “Morgenthau Gives War Savings Plan,” New York Times, February 15, 1942, p. 29.

  38. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, pp. 17–18.

  39. “Treasury to Study Compulsory Savings,” New York Times, March 20, 1942, p. 32.

  40. Presidential Diaries, April 15, 1942.

  41. Howard W. Calkins, “Demand Increases for Forced Saving,” New York Times, April 19, 1942, p. F1.

  42. “Treasury Opposes Compulsory Saving,” New York Times, April 17, 1942, p. 32.

  43. “Financing a People’s War,” Wall Street Journal, April 18, 1942, p. 4.

  44. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, pp. 125–26.

  45. Ibid., pp. 81–82.

  46. Ibid., p. 82.

  47. Ibid., pp. 84–86.

  48. Ibid., pp. 87–95; “U.S. and China Sign Financial Accord,” New York Times, March 22, 1942, p. 34.

  49. Presidential Diaries, May 14, 1942.

  50. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 232.

  51. Presidential Diaries, May 15, 1942.

  52. Morgenthau Papers, box 909.

  53. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, pp. 232–36.

  54. Presidential Diaries, August 25, 1944.

  55. Henry Morgenthau Sr., letter to Eleanor Roosevelt, December 27, 1941, Eleanor Roosevelt Papers, box 769.

  56. Eleanor Roosevelt, letter to Robert Morgenthau, May 29, 1942, Eleanor Roosevelt Papers, box 769; Morgenthau, Mostly Morgenthaus, p. 396.

  57. Eleanor Roosevelt, letter to Henry Morgenthau Jr., January 5, 1943, Eleanor Roosevelt Papers, box 393.

  58. Eleanor Roosevelt, letter to Henry Morgenthau Jr., September 8, 1942, Eleanor Roosevelt Papers, box 374.

  59. Morgenthau Diaries, book 760, pp. 167, 171–72; Morgenthau Diaries, book 763, p. 114.

  60. “Foley Joins Army, Leaving Treasury,” New York Times, August 2, 1942, p. 38.

  61. Morgenthau, Mostly Morgenthaus, p. 300.

  62. Elinor Morgenthau, letter to Eleanor Roosevelt, undated, Eleanor Roosevelt Papers, box 769.

  63. Morgenthau, Mostly Morgenthaus, caption for photograph on p. 23.

  64. “Mrs. Morgenthau Stresses Thrift,” New York Times, April 18, 1942, p. 8.

  65. Morgenthau, Mostly Morgenthaus, pp. 302–303.

  66. “Takes Tax Problem to the White House,” New York Times, April 16, 1942, p. 34; Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 40.

  67. “Sales Levy Killed; Hold-Out Tax Wins,” New York Times, June 21, 1942, p. 25.

  68. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 42.

  69. Ibid., pp. 29–30.

  70. John MacCormac, “War Bond Sales Goal Looms,” New York Times, June 21, 1942, p. E6; “War Bond Quota Is Billion in July,” New York Times, June 30, 1942, p. 12.

  71. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 19.

  72. “War Bond Day Set by Nation’s Stores,” New York Times, May 26, 1942, p. 19.

  73. “Morgenthau Hails Holiday Workers,” New York Times, July 5, 1942, p. 25.

  74. “621 Radio Stations Back War Bond Drive,” New York Times, July 28, 1942, p. 14.

  75. Henry N. Dorris, “Deficit for ’42 put at $19,598,000,000,” New York Times, July 3, 1942, p. 10.

  76. Presidential Diaries, July 10, 1942.

  77. Ibid., July 16, 1942.

  78. John MacCormac, “War Outlay Soars Dizzily,” New York Times, July 26, 1942, p. E4.

  79. John MacCormac, “War Outlay Soars Dizzily,” New York Times, July 26, 1942, p. E4.

  80. Thomas J. Hamilton, “Senators Oppose Higher Income Tax,” New York Times, August 6, 1942, p. 20.

  81. “Morgenthau Cool to ‘Forced Loans,’” New York Times, July 31, 1942, p. 24.

  82. United Press, “Bond Plan Fails, Vandenberg Says,” August 8, 1942, found in New York Times, August 9, 1942, p. 46.

  83. “Morgenthau Asks More Bond Buying,” New York Times, August 21, 1942, p. 14.

  84. Henry Morgenthau Jr., “Morgenthau on Spending Tax,” New York Times, September 6, 1942, p. 26.

  85. Presidential Diaries, August 25, 1942.

  86. “Movies Will Lead in Big Bond Drive,” New York Times, August 23, 1942, p. 39.

  87. Frank R. Kent, The Great Game of Politics, Wall Street Journal, September 8, 1942, p. 4.

  88. Presidential Diaries, August 25, 1942.

  89. Ibid., September 2, 1942.

  90. Ibid., September 7, 1942.

  91. Arthur Krock, In the Nation, New York Times, October 13, 1942, p. 27.

  92. “Greatest Flop since Mellon,” Time, October 26, 1942, p. 85.

  93. Morgenthau Papers, box 909.

  94. Presidential Diaries, September 4, 1942.

  95. Ibid., August 25, 1942.

  96. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, pp. 234–36.

  97. Ibid., pp. 128–30.

  98. “Morgenthau Visit Hailed in Commons,” New York Times, October 21, 1942, p. 5.

  99. “Morgenthau, Smuts on Visit to Dover,” New York Times, October 24, 1942, p. 8.

  100. Godfrey N. Nelson, “Income and Taxes in the U.S. and Britain,” New York Times, October 17, 1943, p. S7.

  101. “Morgenthau Cites British Taxation,” New York Times, November 3, 1942, p. 25.

  102. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, pp. 141–44.

  103. Ibid., p. 150.

  104. Presidential Diaries, November 17, 1942.

  105. “Wise Gets Confirmation: Checks with State Department on Nazis’ ‘Extermination Campaign,’” New York Times, November 25, 1942, p. 10.

  CHAPTER NINE. THE JEWS

  1. Presidential Diaries, January 27, 1942.

  2. Ibid., July 7, 1942.

  3. Morgenthau Papers, box 237.

  4. Presidential Diaries, May 25, 1943.

  5. Elinor Morgenthau, letter to Eleanor Roosevelt, December 2, 1942, Eleanor Roosevelt Papers, box 769.

  6. Presidential Diaries, December 3, 1942.

  7. Henry Morgenthau III, Mostly Morgenthaus: A Family History (New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1991), p. 323.

  8. “11 Allies Condemn Nazi War on Jews: United Nations Issue Joint Declaration of Protest on ‘Cold-Blooded Extermination,’” New York Times, December 18, 1942, pp. 1, 10.

  9. Henry Morgenthau Jr., “The Morgenthau Diaries, VI—The Refugee Run-Around,” Collier's, November 1, 1947, pp. 22 ff.

  10. Ibid.; Morgenthau, Mostly Morgenthaus, p. 324.

  11. “We Must Pay More, Morgenthau Says,” New York Times, December 6, 1942, p. 66.

  12. Edward J. Conlon, “War Bond Sales Continue to Lag,” New York Times, Sep
tember 6, 1942, p. F1.

  13. Edward J. Conlon, “Treasury Plans War Bond Drive,” New York Times, November 15, 1942, p. F2; “9,000,000,000 Goal of New War Loan; Treasury Record,” New York Times, November 20, 1942, p. 1.

  14. Presidential Diaries, December 3, 1942.

  15. “U.S. at War: $51,000,000,000-a-Year Man,” Time, January 25, 1943, pp. 18–20.

  16. John Morton Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, 1941–1945 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967), p. 59.

  17. “Over the Top,” New York Times, December 23, 1942, p. 18.

  18. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 22; “Victory Loan Over Goal by 3 Billions,” New York Times, December 29, 1942, p. 17.

  19. Associated Press, “Taft Drops Move to Force Savings,” January 2, 1943, found in New York Times, p. 21.

  20. “Morgenthau Returning,” New York Times, February 6, 1943, p. 3; “Morgenthau Returns to Office” New York Times, February 9, 1943, p. 21.

  21. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, pp. 155–56.

  22. Morgenthau, Mostly Morgenthaus, p. 373.

  23. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, pp. 156–58.

  24. “Morgenthau Maps April Bond Drive,” New York Times, February 17, 1943, p. 29.

  25. Associated Press, “Treasury Honors ‘Penny Bond’ Youth,” March 6, 1943, found in New York Times, p. 14.

  26. “Meeting to Launch War Loan Drive,” New York Times, April 8, 1943, p. 29.

  27. “100,000 Enrolled as Bond Sellers,” New York Times, April 11, 1943, p. 44.

  28. Associated Press, “Morgenthau Urges Rise in Bond Buying,” April 25, 1943, found in New York Times, p. 3.

  29. “Backing the Armed Forces,” New York Times, April 30, 1943, p. 20.

  30. James J. Kimble, Mobilizing the Home Front: War Bonds and Domestic Propaganda (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2006), p. 44.

  31. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 63.

  32. Ibid., p. 210.

  33. Morgenthau, “Morgenthau Diaries, VI—The Refugee Run-Around.”

  34. Ibid.

  35. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 211.

  36. Morgenthau, “Morgenthau Diaries, VI—The Refugee Run-Around.”

  37. Ibid.

  38. W. H. Lawrence, “Byrnes Moves to Use Powers on Many Fronts,” New York Times, June 13, 1943, p. E6.

  39. “Morgenthau Asks Double Bond Rate,” New York Times, June 13, 1943, p. 32.

  40. Franklin Roosevelt, letter to Henry Morgenthau Jr., June 24, 1943, Morgenthau Papers, box 519.