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  41. Morgenthau Papers, box 500.

  42. “U.S. Must Borrow 33 Billion More,” New York Times, July 23, 1943, p. 25.

  43. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 66.

  44. Presidential Diaries, July 27, 1943.

  45. Ibid., July 30, 1943.

  46. Ibid., August 10, 1943.

  47. Ibid., August 11, 1943.

  48. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, pp. 60–69.

  49. John MacCormac, “New and Heavier Load Ahead for Taxpayers,” New York Times, August 22, 1943, p. E6.

  50. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 68.

  51. Presidential Diaries, August 24, 1943.

  52. Ibid.

  53. Ibid., August 29, 1943.

  54. Associated Press, “Keynes Plan Sets No Fixed Capital,” April 8, 1943, found in New York Times, p. 8.

  55. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 238.

  56. Ibid., pp. 243–45; Morgenthau, Mostly Morgenthaus, p. 343.

  57. “Assails World Bank Plan,” New York Times, November 2, 1943, p. 18.

  58. “World Bank Plan Called Defective,” New York Times, December 2, 1943, p. 35.

  59. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, pp. 241–42.

  60. Ibid., pp. 163–65.

  61. Ibid., p. 107.

  62. Ibid., pp. 111–16.

  63. Ibid., pp. 197–99.

  64. Ibid., pp. 159–60.

  65. John H. Crider, “Occupation Money Issue,” New York Times, October 25, 1943, p. 4.

  66. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, pp. 167–68.

  67. Geoffrey T. Hellman, “Any Bonds Today?” New Yorker, January 22, 1944, pp. 24 ff.

  68. “Tax Program Delayed as Byrnes and Vinson Oppose Morgenthau,” Wall Street Journal, September 11, 1943, found in Presidential Diaries, September 13, 1943.

  69. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, pp. 70–71.

  70. Presidential Diaries, September 20, 1943; “Tax Plan Revealed to Congress Group,” New York Times, September 30, 1943, p. 17.

  71. Presidential Diaries, September 18, 1943.

  72. Ibid., October 3, 1943.

  73. Ibid.

  74. Arthur Krock, In the Nation, New York Times, October 8, 1943, p. 18.

  75. “Problem of Higher Income,” New York Times, October 11, 1943, p. 18.

  76. “Eisenhower Bids US Buy More War Bonds,” New York Times, October 24, 1943, p. 36.

  77. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 25.

  78. United Press, “Morgenthau Visits Volturno Front,” October 22, 1943, found in New York Times, p. 9.

  79. “Morgenthau Asks Advertisers’ Help,” New York Times, November 19, 1943, p. 29.

  80. “Morgenthau Lists Naples Atrocities,” New York Times, November 5, 1943, p. 5.

  81. “War Loan Goal Exceeded by Nearly $4 Billions,” New York Times, October 19, 1943, p. 25.

  82. “No New Loan Drive before Next Year,” New York Times, October 8, 1943, p. 27.

  83. Associated Press, “Morgenthau Dairy Sale Deplored in Congress,” October 20, 1943, found in New York Times, p. 12.

  84. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 73.

  85. Ibid., p. 75.

  86. Morgenthau, Mostly Morgenthaus, p. 325.

  87. Morgenthau, “Morgenthau Diaries, VI—Refugee Run-Around.”

  88. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 213.

  89. Morgenthau, “Morgenthau Diaries, VI—Refugee Run-Around.”

  90. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 216.

  91. Ibid., pp. 216–17.

  92. Morgenthau, “Morgenthau Diaries, VI—Refugee Run-Around.”

  93. Ibid.

  94. Ibid.

  95. Ibid.

  96. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 220.

  97. Morgenthau, Mostly Morgenthaus, p. 327.

  98. Ibid.

  99. Ibid.

  100. Ibid.

  101. Ibid.

  102. Presidential Diaries, February 2, 1944.

  CHAPTER TEN. BRETTON WOODS

  1. Geoffrey T. Hellman, “Any Bonds Today?” New Yorker, January 22, 1944, pp. 24 ff.

  2. “4th War Loan Goal Set at 14 Billions,” New York Times, November 22, 1943, p. 29; “Stores Enlisted in 4th Bond Drive,” New York Times, December 30, 1943, p. 6.

  3. Ganson Purcell, Robert E. Healy, Sumner T. Pike, and Robert K. McConnaughey, Tenth Annual Report of the Securities and Exchange Commission, Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1944 (Philadelphia: US Securities and Exchange Commission, 1944), p. xix.

  4. John Morton Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, 1941–1945 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967), p. 75.

  5. Ibid.

  6. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Veto of a Revenue Bill,” February 22, 1944, from The American Presidency Project, John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16490#ixzz1wljDxPLS (accessed August 20, 2014).

  7. Drew Pearson, “Carter Glass, Extolling Tax Veto, Gets Warm Letter from President,” St. Petersburg (FL) Times, March 14, 1944, p. 4.

  8. Presidential Diaries, March 3, 1944.

  9. Walter Lippmann, “New Deal Needs Resignations, Lippmann Says,” Portsmouth Times, February 26, 1944, p. 14.

  10. Presidential Diaries, March 7, 1944.

  11. Fred Smith, “Washington’s No. 2 Advertising Man,” Advertising & Selling, March 1945, found in Morgenthau Papers, box 511.

  12. Hellman, “Any Bonds Today?”

  13. Ibid.

  14. Associated Press, “War Bond ‘Ad’ Bill Hit by Morgenthau,” December 3, 1943, found in New York Times, p. 11.

  15. “War Bond Ad Bill Shelved in House,” New York Times, December 9, 1943, p. 15.

  16. United Press, “‘Big 4’ Women to Back Loan Drive on Radio,” May 19, 1944, found in New York Times, p. 4.

  17. Presidential Diaries, June 8, 1944.

  18. James J. Kimble, Mobilizing the Home Front: War Bonds and Domestic Propaganda (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2006), p. 69.

  19. “Is This Uncle Sam or Good Time Charlie?” Chicago Tribune, March 20, 1944, p. 14.

  20. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, pp. 247–49.

  21. Ibid., p. 251.

  22. Associated Press, “Foreign Nations to Discuss Post War Financial Items at Bretton Woods Meeting,” May 26, 1944, found in Telegraph, p. 1.

  23. Morgenthau Papers, box 500.

  24. Presidential Diaries, March 17, 1944.

  25. Ibid., April 17, 1944.

  26. Ibid., July 6, 1944.

  27. Morgenthau, Mostly Morgenthaus, p. 351; Presidential Diaries, April 22, 1944.

  28. Eleanor Roosevelt Papers, box 414.

  29. Robert Morgenthau, interview with the author, October 1, 2013.

  30. “Roosevelt Sets Up War Refugee Board,” New York Times, January 23, 1944, p, 11; “Roosevelt Board Is Negotiating to Save Refugees from Nazis,” New York Times, January 30, 1944, p. 1.

  31. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 223.

  32. Presidential Diaries, March 7, 1944.

  33. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 224.

  34. Ibid., p. 225.

  35. Ibid., pp. 117–20, 285–86.

  36. Ibid., pp. 165–70.

  37. Ibid., p. 179.

  38. Ibid., p. 187.

  39. David M. Kennedy, ed., The Library of Congress World War II Companion (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007), p. 202.

  40. Conrad Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom (New York: Public Affairs, 2003), p. 444.

  41. Morgenthau Diaries, book 747, pp. 141a–141l, 232–41.

  42. Benn Steil, The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of the New World Order (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013), pp. 206–207; Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of W
ar, p. 258.

  43. Morgenthau Diaries, book 749, pp. 254–88.

  44. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, pp. 175–76.

  45. Ibid., p. 262.

  46. Russell Porter, “Morgenthau Sees Monetary Accord,” New York Times, July 9, 1944, p. 23.

  47. Morgenthau Diaries, book 752, pp. 202–16.

  48. Morgenthau Diaries, box 761, p. 3.

  49. “At Bretton Woods,” New York Times, July 8, 1944, p. 10.

  50. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 272.

  51. Ibid., p. 275.

  52. Ibid., pp. 265–67.

  53. Ibid., pp. 274.

  54. Morgenthau, Mostly Morgenthaus, p. 343.

  55. Morgenthau Papers, box 395.

  56. Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, 1883–1946: Economist, Philosopher, Statesman (London: Penguin, 2005), p. 766.

  57. Henry Morgenthau Jr., “Analysis by Morgenthau of Monetary Agreements,” New York Times, July 23, 1944, p. 25.

  58. Morgenthau Diaries, book 761, pp. 1–12.

  59. Ibid., pp. 43, 47.

  60. Ibid., p. 114.

  61. Morgenthau Diaries, book 762, pp. 77–78.

  CHAPTER ELEVEN. OCTAGON

  1. Henry Morgenthau III, Mostly Morgenthaus: A Family History (New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1991), pp. 352–53.

  2. Ibid., p. 354.

  3. Ibid.

  4. Morgenthau Diaries, book 763, p. 93.

  5. Ibid., pp. 94–102.

  6. Ibid.

  7. Ibid.; Clementine Churchill, letter to Henry Morgenthau Jr., August 15, 1944, found in Morgenthau Papers, box 289.

  8. Morgenthau Diaries, book 763, p. 104.

  9. Ibid., p. 106; John Morton Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, 1941–1945 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967), p. 338.

  10. Bertram D. Hulen, “Lend-Lease after War Still an Open Question,” New York Times, August 13, 1944, p. 6E.

  11. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, pp. 307–308.

  12. Ibid.

  13. Ibid.

  14. “Berlin Says Morgenthau Took Bayeux Tapestry,” New York Times, August 13, 1944, p. 4.

  15. Curt Ress, “The Nazis Dig In for World War III,” New York Times Magazine, August 6, 1944.

  16. Paul Einzig, Can We Win the Peace? (London: MacMillan, 1942), pp. 62–63.

  17. T. H. Minshall, What to Do with Germany (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1941), pp. 147–48.

  18. C. J. Hambro, How to Win the Peace (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1942), p. 363.

  19. Vera Micheles Dean, On the Threshold of World Order, Headline Series no. 44 (New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1944), p. 37.

  20. Sumner Welles, The Time for Decision (New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1944), pp. 342–43, 360.

  21. Arthur Krock, In the Nation, New York Times, August 4, 1944, p. 12.

  22. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 328.

  23. Morgenthau Diaries, book 763, p. 107.

  24. Ibid., p. 108.

  25. Ibid., pp. 202–205.

  26. Presidential Diaries, August 19, 1944.

  27. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 343; Morgenthau Diaries, book 764, p. 120.

  28. Morgenthau Diaries, book 765, pp. 14–16.

  29. Morgenthau Diaries, book 766, p. 157; Morgenthau Diaries, book 767, pp. 36–45.

  30. Presidential Diaries, August 25, 1944.

  31. Morgenthau Diaries, book 766, pp. 13–16.

  32. Presidential Diaries, August 25, 1944.

  33. Morgenthau Diaries, book 769, pp. 105–107.

  34. Morgenthau Diaries, book 766, pp. 167–70.

  35. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 350.

  36. Morgenthau Diaries, book 767, pp. 159–68.

  37. Presidential Diaries, September 2, 1944.

  38. Morgenthau Diaries, book 768, pp. 104–27.

  39. Ibid., pp. 158–65.

  40. Ibid., p. 156.

  41. Morgenthau Diaries, book 769, pp. 1–19.

  42. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 359.

  43. Ibid., p. 360.

  44. Morgenthau Diaries, book 769, pp. 118–45.

  45. Morgenthau Papers, box 36.

  46. Michael Beschloss, The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler’s Germany, 1941–1945 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002), p. 196.

  47. Morgenthau Diaries, book 770, pp. 70–71.

  48. Ibid., pp. 68–71, 140.

  49. Ibid., p. 84.

  50. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, pp. 365–66.

  51. Presidential Diaries, September 9, 1944.

  52. Archives of the Chateau Frontenac, Quebec, Canada.

  53. Morgenthau Diaries, book 771, pp. 223–25.

  54. Presidential Diaries, September 15, 1944.

  55. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 312.

  56. Presidential Diaries, September 15, 1944.

  CHAPTER TWELVE. THE MORGENTHAU PLAN

  1. Arthur Krock, “Why Secretary Morgenthau Went to Quebec,” New York Times, September 22, 1944, p. 18.

  2. Raymond Moley, “Too Many Surgeons,” Wall Street Journal, October 2, 1944, p. 6.

  3. Michael Beschloss, The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler’s Germany, 1941–1945 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002), p. 144.

  4. “Nazis Still Attack Morgenthau Project,” New York Times, October 9, 1944, p. 3.

  5. Arthur Krock, “A Good Example of the Value of Publicity,” New York Times, September 29, 1944, p. 20.

  6. John Morton Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, 1941–1945 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967), pp. 378–79.

  7. Ibid., pp. 380–81.

  8. Morgenthau Diaries, book 779, pp. 291–301.

  9. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 381; Henry Morgenthau III, Mostly Morgenthaus: A Family History (New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1991), p. 289.

  10. “Mr. Dewey’s Accusation,” New York Times, November 6, 1944, p. 18.

  11. Morgenthau Papers, box 500.

  12. Presidential Diaries, November 27, 1944.

  13. “New Issues Slated for 6th Loan Drive,” New York Times, October 23, 1944, p. 23.

  14. “War Costs Continuing,” New York Times, December 15, 1944, p. 8.

  15. Associated Press, “War Loan Exceeds Goal by 6 Billion,” December 25, 1944, found in New York Times, p. 24.

  16. James J. Kimble, Mobilizing the Home Front: War Bonds and Domestic Propaganda (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2006), pp. 70–71.

  17. “70 Billion for War,” New York Times, January 10, 1945, p. 1.

  18. “Our Costs in War Reach 238 Billion,” New York Times, February 12, 1945, p. 5.

  19. Washington Post, January 5, 1945, found in Eleanor Roosevelt Papers, box 425.

  20. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 319.

  21. Ibid.

  22. Arthur Krock, “The Clouds Gathering over Dumbarton Oaks,” New York Times, December 12, 1944, p. 22.

  23. Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, 1883–1946: Economist, Philosopher, Statesman (London: Penguin, 2005), p. 774.

  24. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, pp. 285–95.

  25. Ibid., pp. 296–303.

  26. Morgenthau, Mostly Morgenthaus, pp. 328–31.

  27. Robert N. Rosen, Saving the Jews: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Holocaust (New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2006), pp. 344, 465.

  28. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, pp. 390–91.

  29. Ibid., p. 397.

  30. Morgenthau Diaries, book 804, pp. 13–28.

  31. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, pp. 388, 395.

  32. Henry Morgenthau Jr., letter to Henrietta Klotz, December 12, 1944, in Morgenthau Papers, box 500; Henry Morgenthau Jr., letter to Harold Palmer, February 17, 1945, in Morgenthau Papers, bo
x 500; Harold Hyman, letter to Henry Morgenthau Jr., February 26, 1945, in Morgenthau Papers, box 500; and Harold Palmer, letter to Henry Morgenthau Jr., June 1, 1945, in Morgenthau Papers, box 500.

  33. Presidential Diaries, March 17, 1944.

  34. Morgenthau Diaries, book 830, pp. 19–20.

  35. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, pp. 409–12.

  36. Morgenthau Diaries, book 831, pp. 183–224; Morgenthau Diaries, book 835, pp. 87–94.

  37. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 415.

  38. Eleanor Roosevelt, letters to Elinor Morgenthau, April 1945, Eleanor Roosevelt Papers, box 2.

  39. Franklin D. Roosevelt, letter to Elinor Morgenthau, April 1945, Morgenthau Papers, box 513.

  40. Presidential Diaries, April 11, 1945.

  41. Morgenthau Papers, box 519; Presidential Diaries, April 12, 1945; Morgenthau, Mostly Morgenthaus, p. 403.

  42. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, pp. 419–20.

  43. Presidential Diaries, April 12, 1945.

  44. Ibid., April 16, 1945.

  45. Eleanor Roosevelt, letter to Elinor Morgenthau, April 25, 1945, Eleanor Roosevelt Papers, box 2.

  46. Ibid., May 5, 1945.

  47. Presidential Diaries, April 14, 1945.

  48. Ibid.

  49. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, pp. 428–34.

  50. Ibid., pp. 29–30.

  51. Ibid., pp. 446–47.

  52. Ibid., pp. 436–38.

  53. Presidential Diaries, May 4, 1945.

  54. Morgenthau Diaries, book 845, pp. 12–14.

  55. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, pp. 439–41.

  56. Presidential Diaries, May 9, 1945.

  57. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 445.

  58. Presidential Diaries, May 23, 1945.

  59. Morgenthau Diaries, book 850, pp. 45–46.

  60. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, pp. 450–51.

  61. Presidential Diaries, June 1, 1945.

  62. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 464; Morgenthau, Mostly Morgenthaus, p. 435.

  63. Kimble, Mobilizing the Home Front, p. 101.

  64. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 461.

  65. Presidential Diaries, June 13, 1945.

  66. Ibid., June 18, 1945.

  67. Ibid., July 5, 1945.

  68. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, pp. 467–68.

  69. Presidential Diaries, July 11, 1945.

  70. Ibid., July 13, 1945.